An expanded mind map of Silicon Valley from its pre-semiconductor radio origins through the AI era and speculative 2030 horizons. Seven branches, four sub-branches each, ~200 named facts — people, companies, products, dates — transcribing the structure of the region as a research scaffold.
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Origins, 1900–1955 Semiconductor Era, 1955–1975 Microprocessor and PC Era, 1971–1995 Internet and Dot-Com Era, 1993–2007 Mobile and Social Era, 2007–2020 AI Era, 2015–2026 Future and Challenges, 2020–2030 Radio and Vacuum Tube Roots Stanford's Catalytic Role Founding Firms Military and Semiconductor Prelude Shockley Semiconductor Lab The Traitorous Eight, 1957 Fairchild Semiconductor The Fairchildren and Venture Capital Intel and the Microprocessor Revolution Personal Computer Emergence Workstations, Networks, Graphics Xerox PARC and Enterprise Software Web Browsers and the IPO Spark Search and Portals E-Commerce and Payments Bubble, Bust, Web 2.0 Rebirth Mobile Revolution Social Networks Cloud and On-Demand Fintech and Capital Deep Learning Foundations and Frontier Labs OpenAI Trajectory Anthropic and Claude Infrastructure and AI-Native Startups Tech Lash and Regulatory Reckoning Housing, Inequality, and Geographic Diffusion Climate, Bio, and Space Frontiers Crypto Retreat and Post-AGI Speculation Federal Telegraph Company Lee de Forest at Federal Telegraph Eitel-McCullough (Eimac) Frederick Terman Stanford Industrial Park Stanford Research Institute (SRI) Hewlett-Packard Varian Associates Litton Industries Ampex WWII and Cold War Funding Bell Labs Transistor (East Coast) Shockley Moves West William Shockley Management failures The defectors The departure Founding and leadership Products and rivalry Major spin-offs Sand Hill Road VC Intel milestones Founding chips Market expansion Competitors and spinouts Hobbyist roots Apple Rivals and gaming Sun Microsystems (1982) Silicon Graphics (1982, Jim Clark) Cisco Systems (1984) PARC inventions (founded 1970) Database and tools Publishing and creative Mosaic and Netscape Browser Wars First-generation search Google's rise Marketplaces Payments and infrastructure Dot-com bubble and crash Venture capital maturation Web 2.0 and social iPhone launch App Store and iPad Android rise Facebook trajectory Facebook acquisitions Other platforms Cloud infrastructure Gig economy Fintech founders Y Combinator maturation Late-decade liquidity Pre-2015 breakthroughs Game-playing milestones Meta and Apple research Founding and early era ChatGPT breakout Governance and scaling Founding Model releases Developer platform NVIDIA and silicon AI-native coding tools Rival model labs Compute arms race Cultural critique Antitrust enforcement AI and platform law Bay Area affordability crisis COVID remote-work exodus Austin as secondary hub Climate tech Biotech convergence Commercial space Web3 skepticism Post-AGI economy Founded 1909 in Palo Alto by Cyril Elwell Licensed Poulsen arc transmitter from Denmark First US transcontinental radio link, 1912 Joined 1911; refined the Audion triode Demonstrated amplification in Palo Alto, 1912 Founded 1934 San Bruno by Eitel & McCullough Supplied high-power tubes for WWII radar Dean of Engineering 1944 "Father of Silicon Valley" Radio Engineering, 1932 — standard textbook Mentored Hewlett and Packard as grad students Opened 1951, Terman's idea First US university research park Early tenants: Varian, HP, Kodak, GE Founded 1946 as Stanford's contract research arm Spun off independent nonprofit, 1970 Founded 1939 by Bill Hewlett & Dave Packard Garage at 367 Addison Ave, Palo Alto Model 200A oscillator; Disney Fantasia deal (1940) Founded 1948 by Russell & Sigurd Varian Commercialized the klystron microwave tube Charles Litton founded Litton Engineering Labs, 1932 Redwood City; precision vacuum-tube manufacturing Founded 1944 San Carlos by Alexander Poniatoff Model 200 audio tape recorder 1948 (Crosby-backed) Quadruplex videotape recorder, 1956 Moffett Field commissioned 1933 MIT Rad Lab radar work drove Bay Area tube demand Postwar DoD contracts to Stanford labs Bardeen, Brattain, Shockley invent transistor 1947 (Murray Hill) Shockley Semiconductor Lab opens Mountain View, 1955 Seeds Fairchild's 1957 semiconductor division 1956 Nobel (with Bardeen, Brattain) for transistor Founded lab in Mountain View, 1956 Pushed four-layer diode over silicon transistors Required lie-detector tests of staff Posted salaries publicly; paranoid leadership Arnold Beckman (Beckman Instruments) funded the lab Robert Noyce, Gordon Moore, Jean Hoerni, Jay Last Victor Grinich, Eugene Kleiner, Sheldon Roberts, Julius Blank Resigned September 18, 1957 Kleiner's letter to Hayden Stone reached Arthur Rock Sherman Fairchild funded them with $1.5M Founded 1957 Palo Alto; Noyce as GM by 1959 Hoerni's planar process, 1959 Noyce's integrated circuit patent filed July 1959 1961 Micrologic IC family for Apollo and Minuteman Competed with Kilby's TI IC (1958) Hit $130M revenue by 1966 Intel founded 1968 by Noyce + Moore; Grove employee #3 AMD founded 1969 by Jerry Sanders National Semiconductor revived 1967 under Sporck Signetics (1961), Intersil (1967), LSI Logic (1981) Arthur Rock backed Fairchild 1957, Intel 1968 Kleiner Perkins founded 1972 (Kleiner + Perkins) Sequoia founded 1972 by Don Valentine (ex-Fairchild) 3101 SRAM 1969; 1103 DRAM 1970 kills magnetic core Intel 4004 shipped Nov 1971 (Faggin, Hoff) Intel 8080 released 1974 4004 (1971, Faggin, Hoff, Mazor) 8008 (1972), 8080 (1974) 8086 (1978) launches x86 architecture 80286 (1982), 80386 (1985), 80486 (1989) IBM PC contract (1981) cements x86 dominance Pentium (1993) under Andy Grove Zilog Z80 (1976, Faggin after leaving Intel) AMD founded 1969, Jerry Sanders MIPS Computer Systems (1984, John Hennessy) Homebrew Computer Club (March 1975, Menlo Park) Gordon French and Fred Moore, first meeting MITS Altair 8800 (1975) as catalyst Apple I (1976, Wozniak + Jobs, Los Altos garage) Apple II (1977); VisiCalc (1979, Bricklin, Frankston) Macintosh January 24, 1984; Super Bowl "1984" ad Commodore PET (1977), VIC-20, C64 (1982) Atari 2600 (1977), Nolan Bushnell, Pong (1972) Electronic Arts (1982, Trip Hawkins) Founders: Khosla, Bechtolsheim, McNealy, Bill Joy SPARC architecture (1987), Solaris, NFS IRIS workstations, Geometry Engine, IRIX Leonard Bosack and Sandy Lerner at Stanford AGS multiprotocol router; IPO 1990 Alto (1973), Smalltalk, bitmapped GUI Ethernet (1973, Bob Metcalfe) Laser printer (Gary Starkweather) Mouse refined (Engelbart 1968 → PARC productization) Oracle (1977, Larry Ellison, Miner, Oates) Sybase (1984), Informix (1980) Adobe (1982, Warnock + Geschke, ex-PARC) PostScript (1984), Illustrator (1987), Photoshop (1990) Mosaic (1993, NCSA, Marc Andreessen) Netscape Navigator (1994, Andreessen + Jim Clark) Netscape IPO Aug 9, 1995 kickstarted dot-com boom Internet Explorer bundled with Windows 95 Mozilla open-sourced (1998) Firefox 1.0 (2004) Yahoo! (1994, Jerry Yang, David Filo, Stanford) Lycos (1994, Carnegie Mellon) Excite, AltaVista (DEC 1995), InfoSeek Founded 1998, Larry Page + Sergey Brin, Menlo Park garage PageRank algorithm AdWords (2000); IPO August 2004 Amazon (1994, Jeff Bezos, Seattle) eBay (1995, Pierre Omidyar, San Jose) Priceline (1997, Walker and Michael Loeb) PayPal (2000 merger of Confinity/X.com; Thiel, Musk) Cisco routing backbone; Sun servers Akamai CDN (1998, MIT) Pets.com, Webvan, Boo.com flameouts (2000) NASDAQ peak March 10, 2000 (5,048) Bottom October 2002 Benchmark Capital (eBay bet) Kleiner Perkins (Netscape, Google) Sequoia (Yahoo, Google, PayPal) Blogger (1999, Evan Williams), WordPress (2003) Wikipedia (2001, Jimmy Wales) LinkedIn (2003, Reid Hoffman), MySpace (2003) Flickr (2004), YouTube (Feb 2005) Facebook moves to Palo Alto (2004–05) Jobs unveils Jan 9, 2007 Macworld "three revolutionary products" Phone, iPod, internet communicator in one device First sale June 29, 2007 at $499 App Store launched July 10, 2008 iPad unveiled Jan 27, 2010 Created mobile developer economy Founded 2003 (Rubin, Miner, Sears) Google acquired Android August 2005 T-Mobile G1 launched October 22, 2008 Open Handset Alliance Nov 2007 Zuckerberg drops Harvard, Palo Alto office 2004 Sean Parker founding president 2004–05 Sheryl Sandberg COO March 2008 IPO May 18, 2012 at $38/share Instagram April 9, 2012 for $1B WhatsApp February 19, 2014 for $19B Twitter launched March 21, 2006 (Dorsey, Williams, Stone) Snapchat founded 2011 by Evan Spiegel at Stanford Pinterest launched March 2010 by Ben Silbermann AWS S3 launched March 14, 2006 Google App Engine launched April 2008 Salesforce pioneered SaaS from 1999 Uber founded March 2009 (Kalanick, Camp) Airbnb founded August 2008 (Chesky, Gebbia, Blecharczyk) Lyft launched summer 2012 (Green, Zimmer) DoorDash founded 2013 at Stanford (Tony Xu) Stripe founded 2010 (Patrick + John Collison, YC) Square February 2009 (Dorsey, McKelvey) Robinhood April 2013 (Tenev, Bhatt) Founded March 2005 (Graham, Livingston) Primary operations to Mountain View 2009 Demo Day model scaled hundreds of startups SPAC wave surged 2019–20 Uber IPO May 10, 2019 at $45/share Airbnb IPO December 10, 2020 AlexNet 2012 (Krizhevsky, Sutskever, Hinton) Google Brain (Dean, Ng) DeepMind acquired by Google Jan 2014, ~$500M AlphaGo defeats Lee Sedol March 2016 Google DeepMind merger April 2023 Meta FAIR (Yann LeCun) Apple Intelligence unveiled WWDC June 2024 Founded Dec 2015 (Altman, Musk, Sutskever, Brockman) Musk departs board 2018 GPT-2 (2019), GPT-3 (June 2020), DALL-E (Jan 2021) ChatGPT launched Nov 30, 2022 Microsoft $10B investment Jan 2023 GPT-4 March 2023 Altman ouster and reinstatement Nov 2023 Sora Feb 2024 GPT-5 release Founded 2021 by Dario and Daniela Amodei (ex-OpenAI) $4B Amazon investment Claude launched 2023 Claude 3 Opus March 2024 Claude 3.5 Sonnet June 2024 Claude Artifacts June 2024 Model Context Protocol Nov 2024 Claude Code Feb 2025 preview, GA May 2025 with Claude 4 H100 dominance; Blackwell B200 2024 Jensen Huang; NVIDIA tops $3T market cap 2024 CUDA moat; Apple Neural Engine; Google TPU Cursor (Anysphere, 2022), $29.3B val Nov 2025, $2B ARR Apr 2026 v0 by Vercel; Bolt.new (StackBlitz, Oct 2024) Lovable (Dec 2024, Anton Osika), $6.6B val Replit Agent (Sept 2024) xAI (2023, Musk) Mistral, Cohere, Perplexity Stargate $500B (OpenAI + Oracle + SoftBank) Jan 2025 Microsoft $80B compute spend Cambridge Analytica scandal, March 2018 Netflix "The Social Dilemma", September 2020 Zuckerberg Congressional hearings (Apr 2018, Oct 2019) DOJ v. Google filed Oct 2020, monopoly ruling Aug 2024 FTC v. Meta ongoing since Dec 2020 Lina Khan named FTC Chair June 2021 Section 230 scrutiny intensifies post-2020 California SB 1047 vetoed by Newsom Sept 2024 EU AI Act passed March 2024 Median Bay Area home price exceeds $1.4M Prop 13 (1978) entrenches tax inequity Persistent San Francisco homelessness crisis March 2020 pandemic triggers mass remote shift Miami Mayor Suarez "how can I help" tweet Dec 2020 Florida no-state-tax migration wave Tesla HQ relocation to Austin October 2021 Oracle HQ move to Austin December 2020 Tesla founded 2003; Musk joins as chair 2004 Gigafactory Nevada 2016; SolarCity acquired 2016 Stripe Climate, Climeworks scale post-2022 IRA Doudna CRISPR work UC Berkeley 2012; Nobel 2020 Genentech founded 1976, South San Francisco 23andMe 2006 (Anne Wojcicki); Recursion drug discovery SpaceX founded 2002, Hawthorne CA Starlink constellation deployment Blue Origin (Bezos), Kent WA, SV-adjacent capital FTX collapse November 2022; SBF convicted 2023 Coinbase founded 2012 SF, IPO April 2021 Decentralization narrative weakens post-2022 Agent economies and high-leverage small teams College-graduate job displacement concerns Reshoring AI compute infrastructure Silicon Valley Innovation History Brian Tighe · Mind Maps Orbital mind map. Scroll to zoom, drag to pan, or use the buttons above (+ / − / 0 keys also work). Hover a node to highlight its path to the center and the subtree beneath it. How to read this The center holds the topic. The six branches fan out bilaterally — three on each side — each in its own color. Sub-branches nest three levels deep under each top-level branch. Hover a leaf to trace the path back to the center; hover a branch to see everything it contains.
This is the shape the topic has when you try to hold the whole field in your head at once. It is not an argument; it is a scaffold. The essays argue against or within scaffolds like this one.