← Mind Maps ·

Silicon Valley Innovation History

Seven eras, 1900–2030 — radio and vacuum tubes to post-AGI economies

An expanded mind map of Silicon Valley from its pre-semiconductor radio origins through the AI era and speculative 2030 horizons. Seven branches, four sub-branches each, ~200 named facts — people, companies, products, dates — transcribing the structure of the region as a research scaffold.

Origins, 1900–1955Semiconductor Era, 1955–1975Microprocessor and PC Era, 1971–1995Internet and Dot-Com Era, 1993–2007Mobile and Social Era, 2007–2020AI Era, 2015–2026Future and Challenges, 2020–2030Radio and Vacuum Tube RootsStanford's Catalytic RoleFounding FirmsMilitary and Semiconductor PreludeShockley Semiconductor LabThe Traitorous Eight, 1957Fairchild SemiconductorThe Fairchildren and Venture CapitalIntel and the Microprocessor RevolutionPersonal Computer EmergenceWorkstations, Networks, GraphicsXerox PARC and Enterprise SoftwareWeb Browsers and the IPO SparkSearch and PortalsE-Commerce and PaymentsBubble, Bust, Web 2.0 RebirthMobile RevolutionSocial NetworksCloud and On-DemandFintech and CapitalDeep Learning Foundations and Frontier LabsOpenAI TrajectoryAnthropic and ClaudeInfrastructure and AI-Native StartupsTech Lash and Regulatory ReckoningHousing, Inequality, and Geographic DiffusionClimate, Bio, and Space FrontiersCrypto Retreat and Post-AGI SpeculationFederal Telegraph CompanyLee de Forest at Federal TelegraphEitel-McCullough (Eimac)Frederick TermanStanford Industrial ParkStanford Research Institute (SRI)Hewlett-PackardVarian AssociatesLitton IndustriesAmpexWWII and Cold War FundingBell Labs Transistor (East Coast)Shockley Moves WestWilliam ShockleyManagement failuresThe defectorsThe departureFounding and leadershipProducts and rivalryMajor spin-offsSand Hill Road VCIntel milestonesFounding chipsMarket expansionCompetitors and spinoutsHobbyist rootsAppleRivals and gamingSun Microsystems (1982)Silicon Graphics (1982, Jim Clark)Cisco Systems (1984)PARC inventions (founded 1970)Database and toolsPublishing and creativeMosaic and NetscapeBrowser WarsFirst-generation searchGoogle's riseMarketplacesPayments and infrastructureDot-com bubble and crashVenture capital maturationWeb 2.0 and socialiPhone launchApp Store and iPadAndroid riseFacebook trajectoryFacebook acquisitionsOther platformsCloud infrastructureGig economyFintech foundersY Combinator maturationLate-decade liquidityPre-2015 breakthroughsGame-playing milestonesMeta and Apple researchFounding and early eraChatGPT breakoutGovernance and scalingFoundingModel releasesDeveloper platformNVIDIA and siliconAI-native coding toolsRival model labsCompute arms raceCultural critiqueAntitrust enforcementAI and platform lawBay Area affordability crisisCOVID remote-work exodusAustin as secondary hubClimate techBiotech convergenceCommercial spaceWeb3 skepticismPost-AGI economyFounded 1909 in Palo Alto by Cyril ElwellLicensed Poulsen arc transmitter from DenmarkFirst US transcontinental radio link, 1912Joined 1911; refined the Audion triodeDemonstrated amplification in Palo Alto, 1912Founded 1934 San Bruno by Eitel & McCulloughSupplied high-power tubes for WWII radarDean of Engineering 1944"Father of Silicon Valley"Radio Engineering, 1932 — standard textbookMentored Hewlett and Packard as grad studentsOpened 1951, Terman's ideaFirst US university research parkEarly tenants: Varian, HP, Kodak, GEFounded 1946 as Stanford's contract research armSpun off independent nonprofit, 1970Founded 1939 by Bill Hewlett & Dave PackardGarage at 367 Addison Ave, Palo AltoModel 200A oscillator; Disney Fantasia deal (1940)Founded 1948 by Russell & Sigurd VarianCommercialized the klystron microwave tubeCharles Litton founded Litton Engineering Labs, 1932Redwood City; precision vacuum-tube manufacturingFounded 1944 San Carlos by Alexander PoniatoffModel 200 audio tape recorder 1948 (Crosby-backed)Quadruplex videotape recorder, 1956Moffett Field commissioned 1933MIT Rad Lab radar work drove Bay Area tube demandPostwar DoD contracts to Stanford labsBardeen, Brattain, Shockley invent transistor 1947 (Murray Hill)Shockley Semiconductor Lab opens Mountain View, 1955Seeds Fairchild's 1957 semiconductor division1956 Nobel (with Bardeen, Brattain) for transistorFounded lab in Mountain View, 1956Pushed four-layer diode over silicon transistorsRequired lie-detector tests of staffPosted salaries publicly; paranoid leadershipArnold Beckman (Beckman Instruments) funded the labRobert Noyce, Gordon Moore, Jean Hoerni, Jay LastVictor Grinich, Eugene Kleiner, Sheldon Roberts, Julius BlankResigned September 18, 1957Kleiner's letter to Hayden Stone reached Arthur RockSherman Fairchild funded them with $1.5MFounded 1957 Palo Alto; Noyce as GM by 1959Hoerni's planar process, 1959Noyce's integrated circuit patent filed July 19591961 Micrologic IC family for Apollo and MinutemanCompeted with Kilby's TI IC (1958)Hit $130M revenue by 1966Intel founded 1968 by Noyce + Moore; Grove employee #3AMD founded 1969 by Jerry SandersNational Semiconductor revived 1967 under SporckSignetics (1961), Intersil (1967), LSI Logic (1981)Arthur Rock backed Fairchild 1957, Intel 1968Kleiner Perkins founded 1972 (Kleiner + Perkins)Sequoia founded 1972 by Don Valentine (ex-Fairchild)3101 SRAM 1969; 1103 DRAM 1970 kills magnetic coreIntel 4004 shipped Nov 1971 (Faggin, Hoff)Intel 8080 released 19744004 (1971, Faggin, Hoff, Mazor)8008 (1972), 8080 (1974)8086 (1978) launches x86 architecture80286 (1982), 80386 (1985), 80486 (1989)IBM PC contract (1981) cements x86 dominancePentium (1993) under Andy GroveZilog Z80 (1976, Faggin after leaving Intel)AMD founded 1969, Jerry SandersMIPS Computer Systems (1984, John Hennessy)Homebrew Computer Club (March 1975, Menlo Park)Gordon French and Fred Moore, first meetingMITS Altair 8800 (1975) as catalystApple I (1976, Wozniak + Jobs, Los Altos garage)Apple II (1977); VisiCalc (1979, Bricklin, Frankston)Macintosh January 24, 1984; Super Bowl "1984" adCommodore PET (1977), VIC-20, C64 (1982)Atari 2600 (1977), Nolan Bushnell, Pong (1972)Electronic Arts (1982, Trip Hawkins)Founders: Khosla, Bechtolsheim, McNealy, Bill JoySPARC architecture (1987), Solaris, NFSIRIS workstations, Geometry Engine, IRIXLeonard Bosack and Sandy Lerner at StanfordAGS multiprotocol router; IPO 1990Alto (1973), Smalltalk, bitmapped GUIEthernet (1973, Bob Metcalfe)Laser printer (Gary Starkweather)Mouse refined (Engelbart 1968 → PARC productization)Oracle (1977, Larry Ellison, Miner, Oates)Sybase (1984), Informix (1980)Adobe (1982, Warnock + Geschke, ex-PARC)PostScript (1984), Illustrator (1987), Photoshop (1990)Mosaic (1993, NCSA, Marc Andreessen)Netscape Navigator (1994, Andreessen + Jim Clark)Netscape IPO Aug 9, 1995 kickstarted dot-com boomInternet Explorer bundled with Windows 95Mozilla open-sourced (1998)Firefox 1.0 (2004)Yahoo! (1994, Jerry Yang, David Filo, Stanford)Lycos (1994, Carnegie Mellon)Excite, AltaVista (DEC 1995), InfoSeekFounded 1998, Larry Page + Sergey Brin, Menlo Park garagePageRank algorithmAdWords (2000); IPO August 2004Amazon (1994, Jeff Bezos, Seattle)eBay (1995, Pierre Omidyar, San Jose)Priceline (1997, Walker and Michael Loeb)PayPal (2000 merger of Confinity/X.com; Thiel, Musk)Cisco routing backbone; Sun serversAkamai CDN (1998, MIT)Pets.com, Webvan, Boo.com flameouts (2000)NASDAQ peak March 10, 2000 (5,048)Bottom October 2002Benchmark Capital (eBay bet)Kleiner Perkins (Netscape, Google)Sequoia (Yahoo, Google, PayPal)Blogger (1999, Evan Williams), WordPress (2003)Wikipedia (2001, Jimmy Wales)LinkedIn (2003, Reid Hoffman), MySpace (2003)Flickr (2004), YouTube (Feb 2005)Facebook moves to Palo Alto (2004–05)Jobs unveils Jan 9, 2007 Macworld "three revolutionary products"Phone, iPod, internet communicator in one deviceFirst sale June 29, 2007 at $499App Store launched July 10, 2008iPad unveiled Jan 27, 2010Created mobile developer economyFounded 2003 (Rubin, Miner, Sears)Google acquired Android August 2005T-Mobile G1 launched October 22, 2008Open Handset Alliance Nov 2007Zuckerberg drops Harvard, Palo Alto office 2004Sean Parker founding president 2004–05Sheryl Sandberg COO March 2008IPO May 18, 2012 at $38/shareInstagram April 9, 2012 for $1BWhatsApp February 19, 2014 for $19BTwitter launched March 21, 2006 (Dorsey, Williams, Stone)Snapchat founded 2011 by Evan Spiegel at StanfordPinterest launched March 2010 by Ben SilbermannAWS S3 launched March 14, 2006Google App Engine launched April 2008Salesforce pioneered SaaS from 1999Uber founded March 2009 (Kalanick, Camp)Airbnb founded August 2008 (Chesky, Gebbia, Blecharczyk)Lyft launched summer 2012 (Green, Zimmer)DoorDash founded 2013 at Stanford (Tony Xu)Stripe founded 2010 (Patrick + John Collison, YC)Square February 2009 (Dorsey, McKelvey)Robinhood April 2013 (Tenev, Bhatt)Founded March 2005 (Graham, Livingston)Primary operations to Mountain View 2009Demo Day model scaled hundreds of startupsSPAC wave surged 2019–20Uber IPO May 10, 2019 at $45/shareAirbnb IPO December 10, 2020AlexNet 2012 (Krizhevsky, Sutskever, Hinton)Google Brain (Dean, Ng)DeepMind acquired by Google Jan 2014, ~$500MAlphaGo defeats Lee Sedol March 2016Google DeepMind merger April 2023Meta FAIR (Yann LeCun)Apple Intelligence unveiled WWDC June 2024Founded Dec 2015 (Altman, Musk, Sutskever, Brockman)Musk departs board 2018GPT-2 (2019), GPT-3 (June 2020), DALL-E (Jan 2021)ChatGPT launched Nov 30, 2022Microsoft $10B investment Jan 2023GPT-4 March 2023Altman ouster and reinstatement Nov 2023Sora Feb 2024GPT-5 releaseFounded 2021 by Dario and Daniela Amodei (ex-OpenAI)$4B Amazon investmentClaude launched 2023Claude 3 Opus March 2024Claude 3.5 Sonnet June 2024Claude Artifacts June 2024Model Context Protocol Nov 2024Claude Code Feb 2025 preview, GA May 2025 with Claude 4H100 dominance; Blackwell B200 2024Jensen Huang; NVIDIA tops $3T market cap 2024CUDA moat; Apple Neural Engine; Google TPUCursor (Anysphere, 2022), $29.3B val Nov 2025, $2B ARR Apr 2026v0 by Vercel; Bolt.new (StackBlitz, Oct 2024)Lovable (Dec 2024, Anton Osika), $6.6B valReplit Agent (Sept 2024)xAI (2023, Musk)Mistral, Cohere, PerplexityStargate $500B (OpenAI + Oracle + SoftBank) Jan 2025Microsoft $80B compute spendCambridge Analytica scandal, March 2018Netflix "The Social Dilemma", September 2020Zuckerberg Congressional hearings (Apr 2018, Oct 2019)DOJ v. Google filed Oct 2020, monopoly ruling Aug 2024FTC v. Meta ongoing since Dec 2020Lina Khan named FTC Chair June 2021Section 230 scrutiny intensifies post-2020California SB 1047 vetoed by Newsom Sept 2024EU AI Act passed March 2024Median Bay Area home price exceeds $1.4MProp 13 (1978) entrenches tax inequityPersistent San Francisco homelessness crisisMarch 2020 pandemic triggers mass remote shiftMiami Mayor Suarez "how can I help" tweet Dec 2020Florida no-state-tax migration waveTesla HQ relocation to Austin October 2021Oracle HQ move to Austin December 2020Tesla founded 2003; Musk joins as chair 2004Gigafactory Nevada 2016; SolarCity acquired 2016Stripe Climate, Climeworks scale post-2022 IRADoudna CRISPR work UC Berkeley 2012; Nobel 2020Genentech founded 1976, South San Francisco23andMe 2006 (Anne Wojcicki); Recursion drug discoverySpaceX founded 2002, Hawthorne CAStarlink constellation deploymentBlue Origin (Bezos), Kent WA, SV-adjacent capitalFTX collapse November 2022; SBF convicted 2023Coinbase founded 2012 SF, IPO April 2021Decentralization narrative weakens post-2022Agent economies and high-leverage small teamsCollege-graduate job displacement concernsReshoring AI compute infrastructureSilicon ValleyInnovation HistoryBrian Tighe · Mind Maps
Orbital mind map. Scroll to zoom, drag to pan, or use the buttons above (+ / − / 0 keys also work). Hover a node to highlight its path to the center and the subtree beneath it.

How to read this

The center holds the topic. The six branches fan out bilaterally — three on each side — each in its own color. Sub-branches nest three levels deep under each top-level branch. Hover a leaf to trace the path back to the center; hover a branch to see everything it contains.

This is the shape the topic has when you try to hold the whole field in your head at once. It is not an argument; it is a scaffold. The essays argue against or within scaffolds like this one.

More in the series